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Map of area and compass 2. Rain gear 3. Flashlight with extra bulb and batteries 4. Sunglasses 5. Water bottle & purification 6. Trail snacks / extra food 7. Waterproof matches 8. Candle or fire starter 9. Pocket knife 10. First aid kitZ + >Hiking - Efficient WalkingTune up with gradual pace Let heart, lungs, muscles adjust Don t overload If you don t need it, leave it home Etiquette Walking is a social sport  allow room in front, rear, step aside Watch branches, rocksv!$ X!$ XJHiking - Efficient Walking [cont d]Pace / speed Function of distance, load, gradient, strength, time of day Varies with altitude, vegetation terrain Don t sweat, but don t chill Not to fast, enjoy, outing Adjust to conditions, body more efficient when paced&  JHiking - Efficient Walking [cont d]Rest stops Is rest necessary? Minimal need early, real need shows up later Use  boot check after first 15 min Re-tie laces, drink water, adjust pack, check for hot spots 30 to 40 minutes between stops 7 to 10 min stops for best progressb d<$ d< $JHiking - Efficient Walking [cont d]Downhill and sidehill Mixed blessing - jarring on knees, pounding on feet Tighten laces, bend knees on hard surface Use plunge step on scree&ww$ qJHiking - Efficient Walking [cont d]Evaluate, know group status Observe individual performance Adjust pace or even goals Two groups if necessary Don t exhaust yourself Maintain water balance Desert travel requires 1 to 2 gallons per day Check urine color, have salt tabletsvQSQ S  Terrain and Environment* " 0O&2Terrain and Environment - Routes in the Wilderness\Each mountain range or desert area has its own geology - know characteristics, peculiarities Trails are not wilderness  learn origin, signs can be wrong: Game trails, trappers / lumbering / mining trails Blazes, cairns can disappear  ducks can be wrong Follow easiest routes, logically related to mapFZ2ZbZ2bxTerrain and Environment - Routes in the Wilderness [cont d]Brush Near running water Can be hard to penetrate / navigate Avoid where possible Avoid where avalanche tracks Aim for heaviest timber&xTerrain and Environment - Routes in the Wilderness [cont d]Avoid water courses, valley bottoms Talus Large rock rubble from peaks Can be unbalanced, moss indicates stability Scree Higher, small rock, gravel size Kicks loose, good for fast descent$ZZZIZZZCZ$I CuCxTerrain and Environment - Routes in the Wilderness [cont d]Snow Can be help or hindrance Varies day to day, hour to hour Hard in shade and in morning Soft in afternoon, exposed areas Know preceding weather conditions Know danger from avalanches, cornices Know snow travel techniques, tramp walk, plunge step, step kicking, cutting steps&xTerrain and Environment - Routes in the Wilderness [cont d]Stream crossing  time consuming, tricky Use logs, rocks, fallen trees Wading - smooth bed, shallow, shoes - no sox, keep dry Shin deep - ok, knee deep  dangerous Use 3 point suspension, belay if hazardous Seek wide, shallow  not narrow deep crossings&))"Terrain and Environment - Altitude8Affects temperature, oxygen available Temperature changes 3 to 5 degrees F for each 1000 ft When 90 at sea level, as low as 20 at 14,000 ft Oxygen - 1/3 less at 10,000 ft than at sea level Brain needs blood with 90% saturation 95% at sea level, 90% at 10,000 ft, decreases above 10,000 ft Off the peak by noon`&ZZZZ&    Campsite Selection* " 0P'Campsite SelectionvNo perfect site  should be safe, comfortable Need good drainage  level knoll Away from dampness, thick vegetation, meadows Optimum exposure, mild breeze, some shade, trees, early sun.!.<.!  .< 8Campsite Selection [cont d]Safe surroundings  near water Not under large old trees (widow makers) Avoid tall grass, swampy areas, gullies, overhanging cliffs, poison oak, nettles, etc. 100 feet from lakes and streams Good water  purify regardlessN !8Campsite Selection [cont d]Wood if available Use conservatively No fires over 11,000 ft View  if available, compensates for other thingsN+2+2    Weather and Climate* " 0Q(&Weather and Climate - Characteristics(Air in motion  warm air rises, cool air settles Colder by 3 to 5 degrees F per 1000 ft. elevation gain Clouds form at dew point, condensation, rain Wind direction Daytime - uphill, away from water Nighttime - downhill, toward water Change in direction signals weather change*pp 1Weather and Climate - Observation and Prediction, Check weather bureau in advance Talk to rangers, old time residents especially in unfamiliar areas Each mountain range has its own pattern San Gabriels different than Sierras ZZCZZ(ZZ$Z C ($ "vWeather and Climate - Observation and Prediction [cont d], Sierra Nevada has specific weather patterns J Good weather with N, W, and SW winds L Bad weather with NE, E, S winds No wind / No wind change = No weather change Cold front - chill wind, short notice, violent, storm over quickly Warm front  visible from distance, good warning, less violent, storm lasts longer Clear weather - steady barometer (altimeter), gentle winds, no cloudsl,OPZ2-@2,) +,-(+#vWeather and Climate - Observation and Prediction [cont d], |Sierra Nevada [cont d] Precipitation may occur when: Barometer drops, wind shifts or picks up Successively lower clouds, black in direction of wind, Cumulus  nimbus build up Clearing weather when  barometer rises, S wind shifts to W to N Cloud base rises steadily Can be very hot during the day, very cold at nightZZ`ZPZ2AZZ3Z`  A3 0$-Weather and Climate - Thunder and LightningApproach generally obvious Black cumulus, rapid build up of cumulo-nimbus Thunder (sound) travels 1000 ft per second Approximately 1 mile in 5 seconds Count seconds from flash to sound If count decreases, take careb/+b/+ b<%nWeather and Climate - Thunder and Lightning [cont d] Discharge follows path of least resistance Peaks, not valleys Ridges and crests, not sides Lone trees (or person) standing in meadow Tall snags or trees, not second growth&++&nWeather and Climate - Thunder and Lightning [cont d] Potential discharge sometimes signaled by: Buzzing sound, tingling sensation Electricity leaking from metal, St. Elmo s fire From metal equipment, ore veins, metal boxes Take caution, avoid contact with conductorsN+R-,+R-, 'nWeather and Climate - Thunder and Lightning [cont d] ~Ground current does damage  stay low Minimize yourself as target or circuit Stay out of shallow caves, metal buildings Spread people out Crouch Touch only the ground Feet together, don t sitl&k&R  "Weather and Climate - Wind Chill Serious cooling effect on the body Changes / lowers effective temperature by 5 F for each 5 m.p.h. of wind When added to elevation effect, can change climate from warm to frigid :##  Wilderness Customs and Manners " 0R).Wilderness Customs and Manners - Trail MannersFor pleasant relations with others Yield right of way to uphill hikers, pack stock Repair, re-align damaged, misaligned signs Never throw rocks, run or horseplay Wash 200 ft from water, use biodegradable soap Clean / dispose of fish / game away from water source Catch only fish / game you can use Don t destroy animal, reptile, insect habitats&#6#6( 7Wilderness Customs and Manners - Rules and ProhibitionsNo cutting of living things No picking or collecting without permission No polluting water sources No cutting trails or switchbacks No burning cans, bottles, garbage or trash No smoking while driving or hikingZ)!/Wilderness Customs and Manners - Good PracticesrUse established campsites / fire areas Camp away from meadows Never leave a campfire unattended Chemical stoves best for cooking Use only wood you need  downed wood Drown all campfires:`!9`!9*"rWilderness Customs and Manners - Good Practices [cont d]Leave gates the way you found them Emulate the cat in toilet practice Carry out all non-burnable trash Sterilize cooking, eating gear Keep self, clothing, utensils clean Turn off noise at bedtime+# , Take only pictures! 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